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Q1: XSLT Stands for:
A) eXtended Stylesheet Language Transformation
B) eXtensible Stylesheet Lanugage Transformations (100% Correct)
C) eXtensive Stylesheet Language Transformations
D) eXternal Stylesheet Language Transformations

Q2: XML Stands for ___________.
A) Extensible Markup Language (100% Correct)
B) Extended Markup Language
C) Executable Markup Language
D) Extensive Markup Language

Q3: In JSON, JSON.parse(text) is used to _________.
A) convert a JSON text into a Javascript Object (100% Correct)
B) convert a Javascript object into a JSON text
C) convert a JSON text into a JavaScript object and a JavaScript object into a JSON text
D) None of the given options

Q4: While converting HTML 4 elements to HTML 5 semantic elements, < div id="menu"> will be converted into:
A) < section >
B) < article >
C) < nav > (100% Correct)
D) < header >

Q5: In HTML 5, ________ defines a caption for a < figure > element.
A) < capfig>
B) < figcaption> (100% Correct)
C) < figurecaption>
D) < captionfig>


Q6: In an XML document, all elements can contain ___________.
A) sub elements
B) text
C) attributes
D) All of the given options (100% Correct)

Q7: XML is used as a format for document storage and processing, ___________.
A) online
B) both online and offline (100% Correct)
C) offline
D) None of the given options

Q8: Which of the following is the default character encoding for XML documents?
A) UTF-8 (100% Correct)
B) UTF-16
C) UTF-32
D) None of the given options

Q9: JSON stands for __________.
A) Javascript Object Notation (100% Correct)
B) Javascript Open Network
C) Javascrpt Output Network
D) Java Standard Open Name

Q10: Which of the following is not a semantic element in HTML5?
A) < div> (100% Sure)
B) < article>
C) < section>
D) < header>


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Q1: Entrance of new competitors into an exisitng market pops business ________ for existing entrepreneurs.
A) Strenghts
B) Threats (100% Correct)
C) Opportunities
D) Weekness

Q2: Which of the following is used for calculating the financial projections to assess the impact of different scenarios?
A) Inventory management program (100% Correct)
B) The Internet
C) Spreadsheet progarm
D) Graphics program

Q3: Coorporation has _______ Taxation system.
A) No
B) Triple
C) Single
D) Double (page 72) (100% Sure)

Q4: In USA Public Limited Companies may have _______ Director/s.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3 (100% Correct)
D) 4

Q5: The members of the board should be carefully selected by considering which of the following criteria?
A) Select individuals who can work with a diverse group and will commit to the venture's
B) Select candidates who understand the market environment
C) Select candidates who will show good judgement in business decision making
D) All of the given options (100% Correct)



Q6: Which of the following is the backbone of financial plan?
A) Budgeting
B) Capital (page 58) (100% Correct)
C) Nature of the business
D) All of the given options

Q7: Consider a firm has fixed cost of Rs. 300,000, variable cost per unit of Rs. 2.5 and a selling price of Rs. 8, then the breakeven of firm will be:
A) 45, 454 units
B) 54, 545 units (100% Correct) B/E = FC/SP-VC
C) 42,434 units
D) 53, 535 units

Q8: Which of the following is frequently used for seasonal financing and build up inventories?
A) Character loan
B) Self liquidating loan (page 84) (100% Correct)
C) Long term loan
D) Installment loan

Q9: Which variable of the following is used by the entrepreneur to inform potential consumers about the product's avaliability or to educate the consumer?
A) Product
B) Price
C) Channel of distribution
D) Promotion (100% Correct)

Q10: In the breakeven formula, Selling Price - Variable Cost is called the _____________.
A) Breakeven point
B) Contribution margin (page 80) (100% Sure)
C) Leverage
D) Fixed cost


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Q1: Which of the following provides two types of loans to its clients; working capital and capital investment loans?
A) SSIC
B) SIDB
C) PSIC (page 91) (100% Correct)
D) SBFC

Q2: Which of the following institute is involved in providing various kinds of advisory and consultancy services?
A) Sindh small industries corporation
B) Directorate of industries Balochistan (page92) (100% Correct)
C) Punjab small industries corporation
D) Small business finance corporation

Q3: In Which of the following business, the records are needed to be maintained on the basis of monthly charges paid by the customers?
A) Pharmaceutical
B) Service venture (page 95) (100% Sure)
C) Online venture
D) Auto industry

Q4: Punjab small industries corporation promotes all of the following facility centers except:
A) Technology transfer
B) Handicraft development
C) Carpet industry (page 91) (100% Correct)
D) Design facility

Q5: Which of the following can be trached for information on the type and amount of merchandise purchased?
A) ATM card
B) Credit Card (page 95) (100% Correct)
C) Mobile card
D) Greeting card



Q6: Which of the following institue was established with the aim to assist the small entrepreneurs for self employment and setting up cottage industry?
A) SSIC
B) SIDB
C) RDFC
D) SBFC (page 93) (100% Correct)

Q7: The Grameen Bank model is affectively used by which of the following institue?
A) Education sector
B) Finance Sector
C) Rural Sector
D) NGOs (page 94) (100% Correct)

Q8: Which of the following rule changes both investors and dollar amount of the offering?
A) Rule 503
B) Rule 504
C) Rule 505
D) Rule 506 (page 90) (100% Correct)

Q9: The long-term future of the new venture depends on the ________.
A) Positive Cash flow
B) Employees loyalty (page 97) (100% Correct)
C) Business ideas
D) Economy

Q10: In Which rule under 'Regulation-D', a company can sell up to $500,000 of securities to any number of investors in any 12-month period?
A) Ruel 502
B) Rule 504 (page 89) (100% Sure)
C) Rule 503
D) Rule 505


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Q1: _______ colors specified for objects that generate light themselves.
A) Ambient
B) Diffuse
C) Specular
D) Emissive (page 242) (100% Sure)

Q2: The ability to understand things without explicitly programmed a computer is called?
A) Artificial intellegence
B) Deep learning
C) Machine learning (page 160) (100% Sure)
D) Fuzzy logic

Q3: There are _____ angles associated with spotlights.
A) two (page 244) (100% Sure)
B) three
C) four
D) five

Q4: Labertian was used mostly back when computers weren't fast enough to do _______ in real time.
A) Phong shading
B) Processing
C) Shading
D) Ground shading (page 245) (100% Sure)

Q5: The attenuation formula is f= _________, where C, L and Q are the constand, linear and quadratic attenuation factors and d is the distance between the vertex being lit and the light source.
A) 1/(C + Ld + Qd2) (page 293) (100% Sure)
B) 1/(C + Ld + Qd)
C) 1/(C + L + d + Qd2)
D) 1/(Cd + L + Qd2)

Q6: Light is mostly reflected in case of _______ surfaces.
A) Conductors (like metals)
B) Nonconductor (like dielectrics) (page 238) (100% Sure)
C) Both conductor and nonconductor
D) None of the given

Q7: The relfected light wave turns out to be a ________ case since light is reflected at the same angle as the incident wave when the surface is smooth and uniform, as we'll assume for now.
A) Abnormal
B) Complex
C) Simple (page 299) (100% Sure)
D) Unknown

Q8: The phong reflection model simplifies light-matter interactions essentially into 4 vectors and a number of constants. Which piece of the Phong model is responsible for giving spheres their bright white spots?
A) Specular (100% Sure)
B) Diffuse
C) Ambient
D) Ambient and Diffuse

Q9: One problem with Gouraud shading is that the ______ intensities can never be greater than the intesities at the edges.
C) Triangles (page 246) (100% Sure)
B) Squares
C) Rectangles
D) Polygons

Q10: _______ is simply the calculation of color reflected by the surface.
A) Shading (page 240) (100% Sure)
B) Clamping
C) Scaling
D) None of the given

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STA641 GDB 2 Solution 2021

 

STA641 GDB No 2 Solution

Semester Fall 2021

Made By

DEEP GUIDER

 

 

 

Question

 

Why do we use nonparametric test? Explain with examples.

 

 

 

Solution

 

What are Non-parametric Tests?

In statistics, non-parametric tests are methods of statistical analysis that do not require a distribution to meet the required assumptions to be analyzed (especially if the data is not normally distributed). Due to this reason, they are sometimes referred to as distribution-free tests. Non-parametric tests serve as an alternative to parametric tests such as T-test or ANOVA that can be employed only if the underlying data satisfies certain criteria and assumptions.


اعدادوشمار میں ، نان پیرا میٹرک ٹیسٹ اعداد و شمار کے تجزیہ کے وہ طریقے ہیں جن کا تجزیہ کرنے کے لئے مطلوبہ مفروضوں کو پورا کرنے کے لئے تقسیم کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی ہے (خاص طور پر اگر اعداد و شمار عام طور پر تقسیم نہیں کیے جاتے ہیں)۔ اس وجہ سے ، انھیں بعض اوقات تقسیم سے پاک ٹیسٹ بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ نونپرمی میٹرک ٹیسٹ پیرامیٹرک ٹیسٹ جیسے ٹی ٹیسٹ یا اونووا کے متبادل کے طور پر کام کرتے ہیں جن کو صرف اس صورت میں ملازمت میں لایا جاسکتا ہے جب بنیادی اعداد و شمار کچھ پیمانوں اور مفروضوں پر پورا اترتا ہو۔

 

Reasons to Use Non-parametric Tests:

In order to achieve the correct results from the statistical analysis, we should know the situations in which the application of non-parametric tests is appropriate. The main reasons to apply the non-parametric test include the following:


 اعدادوشمار کے تجزیے سے صحیح نتائج حاصل کرنے کے ل we ، ہمیں ان حالات سے واقف ہونا چاہئے جہاں نان پیرا میٹرک ٹیسٹوں کا اطلاق مناسب ہے۔ نانپرمی میٹرک ٹیسٹ کو لاگو کرنے کی اہم وجوہات میں درج ذیل شامل ہیں:








1. The underlying data do not meet the assumptions about the population sample:

Generally, the application of parametric tests requires various assumptions to be satisfied. For example, the data follows a normal distribution and the population variance is homogeneous. However, some data samples may show skewed distributions.

The skewness makes the parametric tests less powerful because the mean is no longer the best measure of central tendency because it is strongly affected by the extreme values. At the same time, nonparametric tests work well with skewed distributions and distributions that are better represented by the median.


 عام طور پر ، پیرامیٹرک ٹیسٹوں کے اطلاق کے ل various مختلف مفروضوں کو مطمئن کرنے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے مثال کے طور پر ، اعداد و شمار ایک عام تقسیم کے بعد ہیں اور آبادی کا فرق مختلف ہے۔ تاہم ، کچھ اعداد و شمار کے نمونے اسککی تقسیم کو دکھا سکتے ہیں۔

 

اسکیچ پن پیرامیٹرک ٹیسٹ کو کم طاقتور بناتا ہے کیونکہ وسطی رجحان کا اب کوئی خاص رجحان نہیں ہے کیونکہ یہ انتہائی قدروں سے سختی سے متاثر ہوتا ہے۔ ایک ہی وقت میں ، نان پیرا میٹرک ٹیسٹ اسککی تقسیم اور تقسیم کے ساتھ اچھ workے کام کرتے ہیں جن کی نمائندگی میڈین بہتر کرتی ہے۔




2. The population sample size is too small:

The sample size is an important assumption in selecting the appropriate statistical method. If a sample size is reasonably large, the applicable parametric test can be used. However, if a sample size is too small, it is possible that you may not be able to validate the distribution of the data. Thus, the application of nonparametric tests is the only suitable option.

 

 

مناسب شماریاتی طریقہ کار کو منتخب کرنے میں نمونہ کا سائز ایک اہم مفروضہ ہے۔ اگر نمونہ کا سائز معقول حد سے بڑا ہے تو ، قابل اطلاق پیرامیٹرک ٹیسٹ استعمال کیا جاسکتا ہے۔ تاہم ، اگر نمونہ کا سائز بہت چھوٹا ہے تو ، یہ ممکن ہے کہ آپ ڈیٹا کی تقسیم کو درست ثابت نہ کرسکیں۔ اس طرح ، نانپرمی میٹرک ٹیسٹوں کا اطلاق ہی ایک موزوں اختیار ہے۔

 



3. The analyzed data is ordinal or nominal:

Unlike parametric tests that can work only with continuous data, nonparametric tests can be applied to other data types such as ordinal or nominal data. For such types of variables, the nonparametric tests are the only appropriate solution. 


پیرامیٹرک ٹیسٹوں کے برخلاف جو صرف مستقل اعداد و شمار کے ساتھ کام کر سکتے ہیں ، نون پیرا میٹرک ٹیسٹوں کو دیگر اعداد و شمار کی قسموں پر لاگو کیا جاسکتا ہے جیسے عام اور برائے نام کے اعداد و شمار۔ اس قسم کے متغیرات کے ل non ، نونپرمی میٹرک ٹیسٹ ہی مناسب حل ہیں۔

 

 

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